Preface ...............v

1. Types of Machines – Direct Current and Alternating Current ............1

Historical Sketch – Improved Drum Types – Automatic Stopping at Terminal Landings – Operation of Brake Mechanisms – Elevator-machine Types – Classification of Control Equipment – Basement Installation of Drum Machines – Overhead Installation of Drum Machines – Controller Operation – Thrust Bearings – Traction Machines – 1-to-1 Roping – 2-to-1 Roping – Geared Traction Machines – Oil-spring Buffers – Car-switch Control – V-grooved Traction Machines – Stopping Car Level with Floors – Microdrive Traction Machines – Microdrive Machine Controllers – Electron-tube Leveling – Permanent-magnet Leveling – Automatic-landing Equipment – Preregister Control – Automatic Dispatching – Signal Operation – Switches on Operator's Control Panel – Microleveling Signal-control Machines – Automatic-landing Push-button Control – Dispatcher-type Automatic Control – Department-store Automatic Control – Collective Control – Corridor Control – Self-supporting or Underslung Elevators – Screw Lifts – Manlifts – Limits to Uses – Freight Elevators – Trucking Sills – Garage Elevators – Automatic Parking – Dumbwaiters – Home Elevators – Stair Elevators – Alternating Current – Squirrel-cage Motors – Wound-rotor Motors – Multispeed Motors – Starting Two-speed Motors – Forced-ventilated Motors – A-c Motor Controllers – Power Consumption.

2. Methods of Roping and Their Effects on Loading of Ropes and Bearings ...............63

Drum-type Machines – Drum Traction Machines – Double-wrap Traction Machines – Traction Machines, 2-to-1 Roping – Half-wrap Traction Machines – Load on Ropes without Counterweight on Drum Machines – Load on Ropes When a Drum Counterweight Is Used – Rope Loading When Car and Drum Counterweights Are Used – Overhead Drum Machines – Why Compensating Ropes Are Used – Methods of Rope-weight Compensation – Effects of Compensating Ropes – Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Methods of Rope Compensation – Summary.

3. Overspeed Governors and Car and Counterweight Safeties .......... 82

Safe Operation – Compression-type Safeties – How to Release Safeties – Rope-applied Safeties – Vertical-shaft Flyball Governors – Horizontal-shaft Governors – Governor Switches – Inertia-type Governors – Releasing Carriers – Tension in Governor Rope to Apply Safeties – Single-eccentric Safeties – Double-eccentric Safeties – Flexible Guide – Clamp Safeties – Counterweight Safeties.

4. Brakes, Their Care and Adjustment ........95

Mechanically Operated Brakes – Electrically Operated Brakes – Equalizing Brake-shoe Clearance – Double-core Magnet Brakes – Mechanically and Electrically Operated Brakes – Care of Brakes – Brakes on High-speed Elevators – Adjusting Brakes on High-speed Elevators – A-c Brakes – Work Done by a Brake – Brake Magnets – Polyphase-magnet Brakes – Nonsealing Reciprocating-type Brake Magnets.

5. Direct-current Semimagnetic Controllers ..........111

Types of Controllers – Compound Motors – Single-speed Controllers – Stopping at Terminal Landings – Controller Operation – Reverse Operation.

6. Two-speed Direct-current Motor Controllers ..............119

Number of Speed-control Points – Circuits in the Controllers – Cutting out Starting Resistance – High-speed Operation – Controller Operation during Stopping – Stopping at Terminal Landings.

7. Direct-current Traction-machine Rheostatic Controller ............127

Traction Elevator machines – Six-speed Controller – Controller Circuits -- Potential-switch Coil Circuit – Direction -switch Coil Circuits – Releasing the Brake – Resistance Paralleled with Armature for Low Speed – Operation of Fast-speed Switches – Accelerating-magnet-coil Circuit – Connecting Resistance in Shunt-Field Circuit – Stopping at Terminal Landings – Preventing Overtravel at Terminal Landings – Governor Prevents Overspeed.

8. Rectifiers Used with Alternating-current Motor Controllers ............142

Electromagnets – Rectified Brake-coil Current – Reverse-phase Relay – Control Operation – Down Direction – D-c Controllers – Timing Relay Car-switch Operation – Accelerating Circuits – D-c Operation from Rectifiers – Down-direction Relay – Dynamic Braking -Regenerative Braking – Up Direction.

9. Unit Multivoltage Signal Control with Microleveling ................153

Unit Multivoltage Control – Control Panel – Floor Selector -Starting the Motor Generator – Elevator-motor Shunt-field Circuit – Direction-switch Control – Initial Starting of the Car – Door-operator Control – How the Control Functions during Starting – Car-passenger Floor Stops – Micro-leveling Operation – Door-opening Operation – Microemergency Leveling – Stops Made from Hall Buttons – Dispatcher's Board – Car-position Indicator – Floor-call Relays – Adjusting the Selector.

10. Automatic Dispatching of Passenger Elevators and Attendantless Operation ..........................187

Elevator-service Needs – Supervisory System-Dispatcher's Panel – Supervisory-system Operation – Zone Up-peak Operation – Off-peak Operation – Cars behind Schedule – Down-peak Operation – High-zone Cars – Low-zone Cars – Quota Number of Calls – Indicator Unit – Dispatching Lights – Supervisory Unit-Dispatching buttons – Up-peak Operation – Balanced Traffic – Heavier Down Program – Heavier Up Traffic – Down-peak Traffic--Forgotten-man Pickup – Operatorless Elevators – Door-reversal Devices – Photo-tube Protection – Cold-cathode Tube Protection – Pressure Plates – Overload Protection – Phantom Voice.

11. Elevator-door Operating Equipment .................... 206

Good Elevator Service – Hoistway Landing-door Hangers – Two-speed and Center-parting Doors -Manual Door Operators – Hoistway- and Car-door Power-driven Operators – Car-door Operator on Car – Operator on Each Hoistway Door – Power Operators Handle Car and Hoistway Doors – Freight-elevator Doors – Freight-elevator Door-power Operators.

12. Signal Systems ................. 221

Push Buttons and Bell – Push Buttons and Drop Annunciators – Objections to Annunciator Systems – Bells Used on Annunciators – Power for Signal Systems – Types of Annunciator Drops – Electric Reset Annunciators -Lamp-annunciator Signal Systems – Relay-type Push-button Systems without Automatic Reset – Relay-type Push-button Systems with Automatic Reset – Signal Systems Using Conventional Push Buttons – Elevator-car Schedules – Automatic Car-dispatching Systems – Passenger Information -Electronic Push Buttons – Car-position Indicators.

13. Locating Faults in the Mechanical Equipment ....... 244

Noisy Operation – Brake Wheel and Brake – Thrust Bearings – Tandem-geared Machines – Worm and Gear -Wearing of Traction-sheave Grooves.

14. Locating Faults in Direct-current Motors and Controllers ....251

Classification of Faults – Faults Due to Power Supply-Motor Troubles – Excessive Speed – Causes of Fuses Blowing – Speed Too Low – Locating Troubles in Controller – Testing of Motor Shunt-field Winding – Precautions Taken before Starting Elevator – Causes of Potential Switch Not Staying Closed – Car or Counterweights Landed – Potential-switch-coil Circuit on High-speed Elevators – Locating Cause of Potential Switch Opening – Testing the Direction Switches – Open Circuit in Starting Resistance -Testing of Shunt-field Winding – Brake Fails to Release – Accelerating Switches Fail to Function – Full-magnet Controllers – Testing the Power Circuit – Testing of Direction-switch Control Circuits.

15. Locating Faults in Alternating-current Motors and Controllers .................273

Types of A-C Motors – Classification of Faults – Checking the Power-circuit Voltage – Effects of Frequency Variations – Noisy Operation – Failure of the Motor to Start – Low Torque Testing for Faults in Motor Windings – Causes of Low Speed – Speed Too High – High-speed Equipment – Faults in Contactor Magnets.

16. Lubrication ................. 282

General Consideration – Lubrication of Ropes – Worm and Gears – Preventing Cutting of Worm and Gears – Motor Bearings and Other Parts Lubrication of Guide Rails – Manual Lubrication – Automatic Guide-rail Lubrication – Guide-shoe Gibs – Guide-rail Conditions – Operation without Lubrication – Rubber-tired Rollers.

17. Ropes, Their Construction, Inspection, and Care ....... 292

Metals Used in Wire Ropes – Rope Constructions – Warrington Construction – Seale Construction – Flattened-strand Construction – Triangular-strand Construction – Tiller Rope Regular and Lang Lay – Pre-formed Rope – Nonrotating Rope – Measuring Size of Ropes – Ropes Used on Drum-type Elevators – Ropes Used on Traction Elevators – Governor Ropes – Compensating Ropes – Regular-lay Right-lay Construction – Causes of Reduced Wire-rope Life – Relation of Drum or Sheave Diameter to Rope Diameter – Equalizers on Traction-elevator Hoist Ropes -When Ropes Should Be Renewed – Putting Sockets on Wire Rope – Periodic Resocketing – Safety Clamps.

18. Electrohydraulic Elevators ......... 309

Modern Hydraulic Types – Cylinder and Plunger Designs – Off-balance Loads – Movable Bearings – Cage Bearing – Double-acting Cylinder – Application – Platform Lifts – Dual Plungers – Other Equalizers – Freight and Passenger Elevators – Elevator Ratings – Cars Available – Air Hydraulic – Oil-lock System – Small Power Units – Limit Switches – Control Refinements – Starting and Stopping – Down Operation – Valve Assembly Unit – Valve Operation – Landing Stops – Pumps – Gear pumps – Herringbone-gear Pumps – Helical-gear Pumps – Screw pumps – Rotating-piston Pumps – Control Valves – Bypass Valves – Lowering and Leveling Valves – Elevator-valve Assembly Operation – Lowering Operations.

19. Electrohydraulic Elevator Controls ........... 338

Types – Constant-pressure Push Buttons – Momentary Pressure Operation – Nonselective Collective Operation – Selective Collective Operation – Other Features – Control Operation – Down Operation – Automatic Leveling – Gate Circuits – Noninterference Relay – Up-direction Operation – Momentary Push-button Control – Start Valve – Leveling Magnets – Control Operation Explained – Car-in-use Lamps – Door-closing Operations – Pump-motor Starting – Leveling the Car with the Landings – Down Travel.

20. Escalators and Moving Sidewalks ........... 351

Supporting Truss – Traveling Handrails – Handrail Construction – Step Arrangements – Step and Chain Wheels – How Driven – Stairway Brakes – Terminal Sprockets and Tracks – Power Drives Safety Features – Extended Newel – Safety Stops – Fire Hazards Capacity – Rise Limits – Higher Operating Speeds – Two-speed Operation – Escalator Widths – Escalators in Series – Higher Rises – Drive-motor Controls – Brake Coil – Control Operation – Moving Sidewalks and Ramps – Speedwalks and Speedramps.

Index .................. 377

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